A strategic plan usually forms the basis for an organization’s various budgets, which all come together in the master budget. It usually coincides with the fiscal year of the firm and can be broken down into quarters and further into months. If the firm plans for the master budget to roll from year to year, then it would usually add an extra month to the end of the budget to facilitate planning. This is called continuous budgeting. The budget committee usually develops the master budget for each year, guided by the budget director, who is usually the controller of the company. They usually plan the operating budgets first since the information from the operating budgets is needed for the financial budgets.
Example of Master Budget
Often, a company’s other budgets will roll up into the master budget. For instance, a company may incorporate its sales budget, the cost of goods sold, selling and administrative expenses, cash budget, capital expenditures, inventory, total assets, and accounts payable to construct a master budget that gives a comprehensive picture of its financials. The master budget allows company directors to forecast the actions they will need to take in the upcoming quarter or year to meet their goals.
Components of a Master Budget
These are the most often used elements within the master budget. Some firms may not use one or another of the budgets, but most use some form of all of them. Service firms, for example, do not typically use production budgets.
Sales Budget
The first schedule to develop is the sales budget, which is based on the sales forecast. The sales budget is not usually the same as the sales forecast but is adjusted based on managerial judgment and other data.
Production Schedule
The second schedule for budget planning is the production schedule. The company must determine the number of sales the company expects to make in the next year. Then, it must budget how many sales in units it needs to make to meet the sales budget and meet-ending inventory requirements. Most companies have an ending inventory they want to meet every month or quarter so that they don’t stock out.
Direct Materials, Labor, and Overhead Budget
The next schedules are the direct materials purchases budget, which refers to the raw materials the firm uses in its production process; the direct labor budget, which estimates how many hours of work and how many workers a company needs; and the overhead budget, which includes both fixed and variable overhead costs.
Finished Goods Inventory and Cost of Goods Sold Budget
The ending finished goods inventory budget is necessary to complete the cost of goods sold budget and the balance sheet. This budget assigns a value to every unit of product produced based on raw materials, direct labor, and overhead.
Administrative Budget
The selling and administrative expense budget deal with non-manufacturing costs such as freight or supplies.
Cash Budget
The cash budget states cash inflows and outflows, expected borrowing, and expected investments, usually on a monthly basis.
Budgeted Balance Sheet
The budgeted balance sheet gives the ending balances of the asset, liability, and equity accounts if budgeting plans hold true during the budgeting time period.
Capital Expenditures
The budget for capital expenditures contains budgetary figures for the large, expensive fixed assets for the business firm.
Master Budget vs. Flexible Budget
A master budget is static, accounting for one level of production volume. A flexible budget, on the other hand, separates fixed and variable costs and can adjust based on different production outputs. Flexible budgets are useful to have when sales exceed (or underperform) expectations.
What Businesses Need a Master Budget?
Both manufacturing and non-manufacturing companies can benefit from a master budget. For instance, retail and service companies do not need to account for production costs, but they can still benefit from the organization and guidance of a master budget that rolls up the company’s other budgets and financials. Want to read more content like this? Sign up for The Balance’s newsletter for daily insights, analysis, and financial tips, all delivered straight to your inbox every morning!
